Reuters gets it wrong on genome edited foods
The article below contains some nonsense about genome editing and the opinion of the advocate general of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) on the GMO status of certain mutagenesis and "new GM" techniques.
First, the article claims, "ECJ advocate general Michal Bobek advised in January that organisms could be exempt from GMO rules if they did not have added foreign DNA".
But in fact the opposite was the case. The advocate general's opinion clearly and correctly states that the EU's GMO regulation "does not require the insertion of foreign DNA in an organism in order for the latter to be characterised as a GMO".
The advocate general added that mutagenesis techniques are only exempt from the obligations of the GMO Directive if they do not "involve the use of recombinant nucleic acid molecules or GMOs".
To "involve the use of" is not the same as to "contain" recombinant nucleic acid molecules or GMOs. According to at least one expert in the "new GM" techniques, the vast majority of genome edited organisms do involve the use of these molecules. Hence, according to the advocate general's opinion, they would be regulated as GMOs.
What's certain is that the trigger for what's in and out of EU GMO law is the process of how the organism was produced, not the characteristics of the final organism.
The second piece of Reuters nonsense is the claim of precision for genome editing, which is said to work "like the find-and-replace function on a word processor". In fact, while the initial cut to the DNA can be precisely targeted, what happens after that in terms of the cell's attempts to repair the cut is neither precise nor controllable. It results in the numerous off-target effects and nasty surprises that one scientific paper after another is reporting. So it's a bit like using the find-and-replace function on a word processor but then finding out your computer has a virus that's scrambling your document.
The third blunder is allowing a career plant genetic engineer to mislead the reading public about the nature of the first products of genome editing. Many such products are in the global pipeline awaiting the EU's decision on whether – and how – to regulate them.
Johnathan Napier of the UK's Rothamsted Research is quoted as saying that "the first wave of gene-edited crops may involve removing harmful elements from food, such as developing peanuts without peanut allergens or castor bean oil without ricin toxin".
In reality, however, the first wave of genome edited foods includes a non-browning mushroom and Cibus's canola, engineered for the GMO industry's old-faithful trait, tolerance to toxic herbicides.
The former has no value to anyone apart from food retailers that want to pass off rotting old food as "fake-fresh" and the latter is good news for the pesticide industry but not for the consumer. So far from being about removing harmful elements from food, thus far genome editing is about adding them – and in the case of the fake-fresh mushroom, fooling shoppers into the bargain.
There's also a super-muscly genome edited pig that raises serious animal welfare concerns.
Exactly how Reuters managed to produce such an incorrect and biased article is beyond us, but it may stem from over-reliance on industry-friendly sources like Rothamsted.
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Battle lines drawn as EU court weighs fate of gene-edited crops
Ben Hirschler
Reuters, 20 Jul 2018
https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-eu-court-gmo/battle-lines-drawn-as-eu-court-weighs-fate-of-gene-edited-crops-idUKKBN1KA0NJ
Gene editing in agriculture takes centre stage next Wednesday when Europe’s highest court rules in a case that could determine the fate of the technology that is already making waves in the field of medicine.
The European Union has long restricted the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) widely adopted around the world, but there is legal uncertainty as to whether modern gene editing of crops should fall under the same strict GMO rules.
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) will rule whether the use of genetic mutation, or mutagenesis, which is now exempt from GMO rules, should differentiate between techniques that have been used for decades and the new gene-editing technology.
The biotech industry argues that much of gene editing is effectively little different to the mutagenesis that occurs naturally or is induced by radiation - a standard plant breeding method since the 1950s.
But environmentalists, anti-GM groups and farmers concerned about the potential environmental and health impacts of all genetically engineered products fear that allowing gene editing would usher in a new era of “GMO 2.0” via the backdoor.
Gene editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 tool and other techniques has the potential to make hardier and more nutritious crops - as well as offering drug companies new ways to fight human disease.
U.S. biotech firm Calyxt, for example, has gene edited soybeans to produce healthier oil with no trans fats and it is growing 17,000 acres of its new design across the U.S. Midwest this year.
Big agrochemical specialists such as Germany’s Bayer and U.S. firm DowDuPont are also stepping up investment in the technology.
The case before the ECJ was brought by a group of French agricultural associations that want the existing EU exemption for plant varieties obtained via mutagenesis to be restricted to long-standing conventional techniques.
50 TIMES FASTER
While older GMO technology typically adds new DNA to a crop or animal, gene editing can cause a mutation by changing a few pieces of DNA code. It works with great speed and precision, like the find-and-replace function on a word processor.
“Anything you can do by standard mutagenesis you can do 10 or maybe 50 times quicker,” said Johnathan Napier, who is leading a trial at Rothamsted Research which has involved the sowing of the first gene-edited crops in Britain.
He said the first wave of gene-edited crops may involve removing harmful elements from food, such as developing peanuts without peanut allergens or castor bean oil without ricin toxin.
But critics say the technology is not yet proven safe - an argument that may have gained weight this week after research suggested gene editing can cause risky collateral DNA damage.
So far, the signs are that the court may lean towards the biotech industry’s view. ECJ advocate general Michal Bobek advised in January that organisms could be exempt from GMO rules if they did not have added foreign DNA.
The advocate general’s view is not binding but is usually followed by ECJ judges.
John Brennan, secretary general of the biotech industry group EuropaBio, believes gene-edited crops will bring consumer and environmental benefits, as well as keeping Europe at the forefront of a technology important for jobs and growth.
“A clearer regulatory status is essential for communicating and understanding the opportunities that these tools and products present,” he said.
The first wave of gene-edited crops involve removing potentially harmful elements, such as the allergens in peanuts or ricin toxin in castor bean oil, said Napier at Rothmsted.
Environmental groups see things very differently.
“We’re talking about genetic engineering and that should be regulated under GMO law,” said Franziska Achterberg of Greenpeace.
Friends of the Earth, which helped bring the original case in France, contends that failure to regulate gene editing could cause permanent damage to Europe’s food sector.
Some retail groups that have been working to produce and market non-GMO food have also expressed concern.
Currently, strict rules mean only one GM crop, a variety of maize, is grown in Europe and while the EU allows the import of others they are exclusively used as animal feed.